Tuesday, December 31, 2019

Oprah Winfrey s Influence On Law Enforcement And Schools...

â€Å"Real integrity is doing the right thing, knowing that nobody s going to know whether you did it or not.† – Oprah Winfrey. Being born into an abusive family to a teen mother may hold some people from becoming successful, but not Oprah Winfrey. Winfrey uses her rocky past to motivate her to help others, and provide victims of sexual abuse with a safe haven. Winfrey has made an impact on America. The former pageant queen and talk show host helped establish the National Sex Offender Registry which made an impact on law enforcement and schools across the country. Winfrey also changed the face of talk shows by giving back to the community and focusing on bigger problems, not just celebrities and gossip. To better understand how Oprah Winfrey is heroic one must explore her past, her accomplishments, and how her kind heart has helped raise money for many charities. Oprah Winfrey’s past helped shape her into the influential person she is presently. According to achievement.org, the official website of a museum of living history in Washington D.C., Winfrey was born on January 29, 1954 in Kosciusko, Mississippi to mother, Vernita Lee and father Vernon Winfrey. Vernita was just a teenager when Oprah Winfrey was born. Winfrey was sexually abused by several of her mother’s friends and relatives while her mother was away working. The abuse lasted from ages nine to thirteen. When Winfrey tried to run away, she was sent to a juvenile detention home, but was denied admittance because allShow MoreRelatedOprah Winfrey s Ideas, Services, And Products1785 Words   |  8 PagesOprah Winfrey’s Ideas, Services, and Products Oprah Winfrey is best known as an American television host, an actress, a philanthropist, a television producer, and an entrepreneur. She is well known for her highly acclaimed daytime talk show, The Oprah Winfrey Show, which ran successfully from 1986 to 2011. Her financial success from her talk show allowed Oprah to establish her own production company, Harpo Productions, in 1986 so that she can pursue her desire for acting and her love for greatly-madeRead MoreMergers and Acquisitions in Ghana20927 Words   |  84 PagesOF CAPE COAST THE IMPACT OF MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS ON THE CORPORATE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF GUINNESS GHANA BREWERIES LIMITED BY STEPHEN SANYE BATOGBEE SEIDU A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE OF THE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAPE COAST IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION AUGUST 2008    UNIVERSITY OF CAPE COAST THE IMPACT OF MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS ON THE CORPORATERead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesmoney From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teaching and learning experience.  » F i n d o u t h ow t o M A K E I T YO U R S  » www.wileyplus.com ALL THE HELP, RESOURCES, AND PERSONAL SUPPORT YOU AND YOUR STUDENTS NEED! 2-Minute Tutorials and all of the resources you your students need to get started www.wileyplus.com/firstday Student support from an experienced

Sunday, December 22, 2019

Personality Theory Paper - 913 Words

Personality Theories Psych 504 November 3 2012 Dr. Claire Clifford Personality Theories A person’s personality says much about who he or she is. People define personality in different ways. Researcher after researcher has tried to come up with the best definition for what personality truly means. Case studies, correlational studies, and experimental designs are some of the most commonly used methods of research. These methods help better define personality. The advantages and disadvantages of each method differ and can be helpful or hurtful to the research of an individual’s personality. Defining Personality Personality†¦show more content†¦Psychologists would use correlations to study personality by observing several people to see what affects their personalities. For example, most millionaires are not happy; therefore money does not make an individual happy. Thus, happiness does not make people millionaires. Some advantages to using a correlational study would be that individuals are easy to obtain to conduct the research needed. Another advantage would be that the subjects would be of a wide variety, which would add more to the results of the study (Martyn, 2008). However with advantages come disadvantages. For example, with correlational studies there is no background information obtained. Therefore, the reliability of the correlational studies is questioned. Experimental Designs (Advantage and Disadvantages) Experimental design research tends to use math and statistics to try to prove or disprove a hypothesis. Within an experimental design most of the research is controlled and leaves little room for error. One advantage of experimental design is that it is hard to disprove the results. However, a disadvantage is that because the conditions are controlled that makes the results too perfect. If the same experiment was conducted in an uncontrolled setting, such as the real world, the re sults would vary. Experimental designs make it easy for otherShow MoreRelatedPersonalities Theories Paper785 Words   |  4 PagesRUNNING HEAD: PERSONALITIES THEORIES PAPER Personality Theories Paper Izine Harris University of Phoenix Kurtis Armstrong October 14, 2012 Personality Theories Paper Personality is derived from of many different theories and genres. Personality typically can be reference to as many diverse arrays of thoughts, feelings and behaviors that sets each individual apart in a unique way. Theorist has concluded that an individual external influence can inspire how certain traits are articulatedRead More645 Personality Theory Paper1050 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Personality Theory Paper The Pursuit of Happyness PSYCH/645 Personality Theories Donna Belvin March 1, 2015 Instructor: Juliet Fenyk Introduction In the biographical film The Pursuit of Happyness, the central character Chris Gardner is a self- employed salesman with a girlfriend and five year old son, who has spent his life savings on medical machines. The sale of the medical machines is not producing consistent income and the lifestyle of his family suffers leading to hisRead MoreHumanistic and Existential Personality Theories Paper1238 Words   |  5 PagesHumanistic and Existential Personality Theories Matrix Humanistic and Existential Personality Theories Matrix Theorists have invested years of research into learning the dynamics of one’s personality. Humanistic and Existential Personality Theories offered perspectives that have proved to be valuable to those researching and exploring how one’s personality develops and expands throughout life. From Maslow’s hierarchy of needs to Carl Rogers’s developmentRead MorePersonality Is Developed From Genes ( Nature ) Or Influenced By Environment ( Nurture ) Essay1436 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper explores the notion on whether a person’s personality is developed from genes (nature) or influenced by environment (nurture). Personality is something every human has and is an essential element in their social world. This research is important to know if, how, and why personalities change. Different scholarly-based material was used to support either stance on the issue. The articles and research helped to decipher the roles of parents, genes, biology, the envi ronment, experiences, andRead MoreConstructivism And The Theory Of Constructivism Essay2230 Words   |  9 PagesConstructivism will be defined and its main premises will be explained. Following this, a communicative episode will be presented, along with an analysis of how this theory can be applied to this situation. Finally, the application of constructivism in different contexts will be discussed, as well the strengths and weaknesses of the theory. II. Explanation of Constructivism Constructivism, first theorized by Jesse Delia, seeks to explain the way individuals adapt their messages in order to successfullyRead MoreCareer Counseling Plan For Katie Golanski825 Words   |  4 Pages This paper is a career counseling plan for Katie Golanski and examines her current skills, potential and as well as future goals. Several assessments will be examined and applied to this plan, such as the Kuder scale, and Meyers Brigg. Specific career counseling theories will also be applied to the output. Finally, recommendations for Katie will be made to best utilize her assets. Katie is a twenty-three year single Caucasian female with a bachelor’s degree in PsychologyRead MoreAn Investigation To See If There Is A D Essay1490 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿An Investigation To See If There Is A Difference between Type A and personalities (as classified by Friedman and Roseman’s 1974 Questionnaire And Their Physiological Response To A Mildly Stressful Activity CONTENTS Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ page 1 Aim †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.page 1 Hypotheses †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦page 1 Method †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦page 1 Participants †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦page 2 Materials †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦........pageRead MoreHarvey Macht s The Television Show Suits, Portrayed By Actor Gabriel Macht1742 Words   |  7 Pagesworked his way up from the mailroom to become an attorney and eventually a name partner of the firm. In the following paper I will explain Harvey Spectre’s personality, showing that he is extremely Type A. I will begin by exploring the origins of Type A personality, followed by the general characteristics and behavior patterns attributed to it, and contrast that with Type B personality at the other end of the spectrum. I will briefly discuss the link between Type A, more specifically hostility, andRead MorePsy 250 Complete Course (Psychology of Personality) - a+ Work1520 Words   |  7 Pages(Psychology of Personality) - A+ Work IF You Want To Purchase A+ Work Then Click The Link Below , Instant Download http://hwnerd.com/PSY-250-Psychology-of-Personality-Complete-Course-1138.htm?categoryId=-1 If You Face Any Problem E- Mail Us At Contact.Hwnerd@Gmail.Com Week 1 Individual Assignment Personality Reflection Write a 700- to 1,050-word reflective paper that addresses the following questions: o How would you define personality? o What are some key personality features thatRead MoreEssay about Jennys Personality; Interpretation of Forrest Gump1419 Words   |  6 PagesGump: Jenny’s Personality Monday, August 22, 2011 PSY202 – Principles of Psychology In this character analysis paper the character of Jenny Curran from the award winning movie Forrest Gump will be the subject of discussion. This paper will present an analysis of the Jenny’s personality as it is applicable to Psychodynamic theory. The paper will present my rationale for the choice to use the Psychodynamic theory to describe Jenny Curran’s personality. In addition, this paper will present a

Saturday, December 14, 2019

Comparative Essay between La Goulue Les Girard Free Essays

The city of lights was all about fun and the nightlife during the 19th century. Fortunately enough, Jules Cheerer and Henry De Toulouse-Ululate were able to perfectly capture the essence of Parish’s blooming nightlife through their posters. Generally speaking, both posters are the same style, however, each artist was able to create different visual effects and atmospheric perspective using their own aesthetic sense. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparative Essay between La Goulue Les Girard or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this situation, both posters are advertising to the viewer the exhilarating nightlife n Parisian cabarets back in the 19th century. Yet, Latter’s poster managed to capture a distinctive and sensual atmosphere compared to Cheerer’s joyful atmosphere. Louise Weber, the female dancer In Latter’s poster, can be seen performing the provocative cancan dance, which exposes her undergarments as she kicks her legs. The audience in the background looks as if they are interacting with the dancer even if they are Just watching her. Meanwhile, the dancers in Cheerer’s poster are cheerfully dancing with their hands in the air with no audience around. Even though the figures depicted in both posters are 2-dimensional, Latter’s poster has more depth because of the way he places his figures through out different layers. The male dancer and the unusual yellow shape on the left dominate the foreground. The main focus of this image is the female figure placed in the center and between the foreground and background. The contrasting silhouettes behind her further highlight the focus on her. The figure in the middle of Cheerer’s poster is wearing a vibrant red dress, which easily catches the viewer’s eye even though two lively nagging men overlap her. The two male figures are framing the woman in the middle with their legs. The soft, textured, and plain background contrast with the red and black of the flat figures and brings them out. There Is minimal use of shading, but instead, crisp black lines outline the figures, giving the illustration a flat look. Nothing seems to have a definite structure since there is no sense of strong, angular and straight lines but instead, the lines look more organic as seen with the text and figures. This poster might look a bit symmetrical but the artist drew both men who re facing each other with slight differences to add more to the unstructured and organic feel of the Image. One of the main features of Less Gerard is how the text and illustrations can be seen interacting with one another. One figure looks like as if he is standing on the letter G while the other figure has his legs passing through the letter o. The small 3rd figure relationship can be seen between the text and illustrations in the way they were rendered. The have a long pointed form. For example, the tip â€Å"A† in â€Å"Less Gerard mimics the man’s foot. The text was customized by the artist hence the similarities between the illustrations and the text. Ululate uses several different fonts in his poster. In this case, Latter’s font does not interact with the figures in the poster and does not look like it was drawn by hand but instead is placed on top of the figures with low opacity. The other text that is dominating the top part of the poster has more bold colors and is outlined in black, which balances out the heavy image filled bottom part of the poster. Since Ululate was influenced by Cheerer, the similarities in their work. Ululate also chose to work using the same medium, lithography, which is why their work has strong bold colors. There is no doubt that both artists were influenced by the Japanese style, as it is evident in most of their work. The flat planes of color, 2-dimensional figures, and crisp black contour lines are elements from the Kikuyu-e woodblock print style. Latter’s composition of figures overlapping each other is also derived from the Japanese art style. On the other hand, the composition in Cheerer’s poster is almost symmetrical. This shows us that even though Ululate was influenced by Cheerer, Ululate had a better understanding of Japanese art and was able to fuse that with his own work in order to produce his own style. In conclusion, the posters may seem to be very similar in style; nevertheless, slight differences between those posters do exist and those differences showcase each artist’s unique touch. This demonstrates the endless cycle of an artist influencing another artist who in turn modifies and develops what he learned in order to develop his own style and that may even result in a whole new art movement. How to cite Comparative Essay between La Goulue Les Girard, Essays

Friday, December 6, 2019

The Events Leading To The Collapse Of Enron Accounting Essay Example For Students

The Events Leading To The Collapse Of Enron Accounting Essay Enron is an American Energy Company based in Downtown Houston, Texas which began in 1985 and prospered fast claiming grosss of about $ 101 billion in 2000, to electricity-generating workss and H2O companies, Enron added many concerns outside of the energy field, such as newspaper, broadband overseas telegram, and fiber optics. Its prestigiousness and stock monetary value soared. But by early 2001 Enron, though valued at $ 60 billion, began a prostration into bankruptcy. Its extension into unprofitable concerns and accounting patterns that disguised the true fiscal place of the company were among the grounds. It was revealed that it s reported fiscal status was sustained well by institutionalized, systematic, and creatively plannedA accounting fraud, known as the Enron dirt . The dirt besides affected the wider concern universe by doing the disintegration of theA Arthur AndersenA accounting house. The consequence is a immense corporate, fiscal, accounting, federal regulative and political dirt every bit good as a catastrophe for 1000s of Enron employees and investors. At least 10 Congressional commissions are now look intoing Enron and its accounting house, Arthur Andersen. While Enron may hold engaged in illegal concern activities for illustration, both Enron and Arthur Andersen have shredded many concern records. Reappraisal of Literature: Evidence of a thorough reappraisal of relevant literature ( a lower limit of 8 articles ) Question 1: I. Conduct your ain research on the events taking to the prostration of Enron and name the series of questionable concern trades by Enron, in peculiar, between Enron and Raptor, and between Enron and Condor. How those trades were accounted for in the fiscal statements? ( 12 Markss ) ( Around 750 words ) Organization is charged with the duty to map in an ethical manner. In the early 2000 s the largest or most good known concern failure occurred. Enron was exposed for their immoral patterns and non merely was the organisation held responsible, but the persons involved were besides. Once the 7th largest company in America, Enron was formed in 1985 when Inter North acquired Houston Natural Gas.Enron was an energy company that grew to be the jobber for energy companies that allowed them to interchange energy contracts. Their growing was really impressive and the concern expanded into other aspects including Internet services. Enron had created over 3000 particular purpose entities in between 1993 to 2001. Particular Purpose Entities ( SPEs ) are defined as entities formed for some specific intent or activity. The primary intent of making an SPE is to take assets and liabilities from the balance sheet of the patron thereby unnaturally bettering purchase, return on plus and return on equity ratios. These SPEs were besides established to maintain Enron s recognition evaluation high, which was really of import in their Fieldss of concern. Because the executives believed Enron s long-run stock values would stay high, they looked for ways to utilize the company s stock to fudge its investings in these other entities. As Enron grew, they needed to borrow more and more money. To maintain the debt off of Enron s books, they began to make spin out organisations that were used to conceal over $ 600 million in losingss that were genuinely created by Enron. By concealing their debt, Enron looked like a really successful company. Until October 22nd, 2001 when the Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) announced they Enron was under probe. The first ground for the prostration of the company was that the company was leveraged through debt. The second was the autumn of the stock monetary value. This caused issues with their debts and resulted in recognition downgrades. The 3rd phase was the increased cost of borrowing due to the recognition down classs that caused liquidness issues for Enron. Throughout 2001, there were several cases that would hold drawn ruddy flags to the approaching death. Fortune Magazine ran several articles that questioned the company s debt procedure and methods of bring forthing income. In August 2001, Jeff Skilling placed his surrender from CEO. Then, in October 2001, Enron came out with losingss over $ 600 million. Ironically, that is the same sum that was being sheltered under Chewco Investments. After registering for chapter 11 bankruptcies in December 2001, the U.S. Justice section began a condemnable probe. The originative accounting patterns provided by Arthur Anderson ( AA ) can besides be included in the autumn of Enron. As their hearer, AA was an extension of the Enron organisation. In October 2001, AA destroyed about all of Enron s books. Arthur Anderson had helped Enron to organize the spin out organisations and conceal their losingss. All of these behaviours between Enron and Arthur Anderson were grounds for the autumn of Enron. Enron was exposed for their immoral patterns and non merely was the organisation held responsible, but the persons involved were excessively. There are specific organisational behaviour theories that could hold predicted Enron s failure such as the debt that was hidden under other concerns or the alterations in upper direction with no clear ground being provided. In add-on to the organisational behaviour the leading, direction, and organisational constructions contributed to the public failure of one of the largest companies in the universe. Their accounting house, Arthur Anderson, was non guiltless in the dirt whatsoever. In the terminal, leaders and directors from both organisations paid the monetary value for the muss that they had created. Not merely were the organisations held responsible, but several persons reaped the reverberations as good. This state of affairs shows the huge impact that leaders and directors have on an organisation. They can command whether an organisation acts ethically or if the organisation becomes avaricious and does whatever necessary to be profitable and viewed positively in the public oculus. Enron involved in partnership concern trade with its assorted SPEs. The trades with CALPERS, ZEDI, RAPTER, CONDERS were those trades and the accounting intervention of those minutess, were responsible for inevitable death of the Enron Company. Outline1 Deals with Bird of preies2 Deals with Condor3 Accounting intervention of the Enron s trades with Raptor and Condor4 A5 A6 Mark-to-market accounting scheme:7 Capital stock dealing8 Gross acknowledgment9 Acknowledging additions in the value of Enron s common stocks10 Accounting revelation11 A12 ( 200 words ) Deals with Bird of preies Enron had created a partnership taking to purchase and sell stocks of other companies. Enron lent the partnership $ 500 million in Enron stock to run Raptor and besides guaranteed the burden by assuring to give more stock if Raptor was unable to refund the loan. Raptor issued a note to Enron that Enron considered assets. Raptor so bought stock in companies like Avici, a shaper of high-velocity net-working equipment, and the New Power Company. Enron treated the loan to Raptor as an assets and claimed net income on the lifting value of Raptor s retentions. The dealing worked until the stocks of the companies owned by Raptors fall down. Bird of preies could non pay the loan. Enron was obliged to cover the Raptor s loan as it guaranteed for that, it had to publish more and more portions although its ain stocks were worsening. Deals with Condor Condor is another SPEs. The executives of Enron created another partnership called condor to sale and purchase the assets in the best possible monetary value. Condor was established to purchase assets from Enron. Enron had lent the partnership portions to Condor of Enron s stock. Accounting intervention of the Enron s trades with Raptor and Condor Bird of preies were non controlled by an independent party which possessed the significant hazards and wagess of ownership, so these entities were portion of Enron and should hold consolidated into Enron s ain fiscal statement. But Enron recorded all the addition or losingss including all the hedge minutess of its SPEs entities and did non consolidate it into its fiscal statements. Enron executives structured the trades so that losingss would non demo up as net incomes, but alternatively as decreases of stockholder equity that had no consequence on the income and net incomes statements. Enron recognised $ 800 million in hard currency flow from condor. In fact Enron should alternatively hold been accounted for as an issue of stock, But Enron counted it as hard currency flow. Although some inside informations are still cloudy, one thing is clear: Arthur Andersen, Enron s outside comptroller, is in large problem, and it ( or its insurance companies ) will hold to fork over large vaulting horses. Andersen s large job stems from a company called JEDI as in Star Wars that Enron now says should hold been on its books since 1997. Andersen allowed JEDI to stay off the books for old ages. The other trade, affecting a company called Raptor, caused the net-worth disappearing that set Enron on the route to destroy. JEDI stands for Joint Energy Development Investments. It was a partnership between Enron and the California state-employees pension fund, known as Calpers. The Force was with Enron, which invested the money $ 250 million each from itself and Calpers in power workss, energy stocks and such, doing more than 20 per centum a twelvemonth. Pretty neat. In late 1997, Calpers was willing to put $ 500 million in a new partnership, JEDI 2. But it wanted to first hard currency in its JEDI 1 french friess, deserving $ 383 million. Alternatively of merely neutralizing JEDI, Enron got cunning. ( I m non certain why. Enron declined to notice. ) It went looking for an foreigner to fork over $ 383 million and take Calpers s topographic point. Enter something called Chewco Investments as in Chewbacca of Star Wars celebrity. Chewco was a partnership of Enron employees and some unrevealed foreigners. ( Who they are and how much they made is a enigma, because Chewco is a private entity. ) Chewco s investors did nt hold a trim $ 383 million. So Enron Lent Chewco $ 132 million and guaranteed a $ 240 million loan that Chewco took out elsewhere. Enron was therefore at hazard for its ain JEDI interest and basically all of Chewco s. That being the instance, it s a enigma why Andersen allow Enron maintain JEDI off its books. Accounting experts who have looked at this dealing, which Enron disclosed last month, merely agitate their caputs. Andersen has refused to notice, stating it s excessively early to make decisions. Enron has restated its net incomes dating back to 1997 because it says JEDI should hold been on its books since so. Think what? The restated net incomes are far lower than the original 1s. Now, to the trades that sank Enron. As in JEDI, Enron wo nt notice. These minutess involve four companies called Raptor. It looks like the Raptors were set up to allow Enron utilize fiscal gymnastic exercises to acquire additions from stocks it owned without really selling them. The major retentions were Rhythms Net Connections, a now belly-up start-up telecom company, and NewPower Holdings, which competes with established power companies for clients. At their tallness, Enron s interest in these companies totaled approximately $ 2 billion. Friday s value: about $ 40 million. Enron wo nt state why it did nt merely sell the stock and take its net incomes. The most logical account is revenue enhancement turning away. Now, the key to Enron s undoing. The company committed to set $ 1.2 billion of Enron stock into the Raptors to do them more responsible. It did nt assure a fixed figure of portions it promised $ 1.2 billion worth, irrespective of the portion monetary value. A earnestly dense move for a company that talks about fudging hazards. In return for that committedness, the Bird of preies gave Enron $ 1.2 billion of promissory notes. Enron put them on its balance sheet as an plus. When a company adds to its assets and nil else changes, its net worth rises. Hence, Enron marked up its cyberspace worth by $ 1.2 billion. But as the stock monetary values of Rhythms, NewPower and Enron all sank, Enron faced holding to fork over a catastrophic figure of new portions. So Enron paid $ 35 million to the Raptors outside investors yet another cryptic partnership and liquidated the Raptors. That eliminated the notes, which eliminated the aforesaid $ 1.2 billion from Enron s net worth. That set off the now celebrated October tally on Enron s recognition, which finally led to bankruptcy. Now, far excessively late, Enron says it should nt hold counted the notes as assets. Animal Cruelty leads to Human EssayConsequence of this fraud Effect ( reply for this is there portion value dropA from $ 90 to merely for 10cents and they got bank crupt ) andmany more consequence s Sherron S. Watkins was frailty president of Enron. It was her responsibility to look rapter and condor SPEs ( really partnerships ) work. happening frauds in these 2 dealingsA and no opportunity of flight, she worte letters to Ley but she was threanted to disregard and leters were kept hidden.A A A company may enter additions and losingss on minutess with the SPE ; nevertheless the assets and liabilities of the SPE are non included in the company s balance sheet. Enron executives structured the trades so that losingss would non demo up as earning s losingss, but alternatively as decreases of stockholder equity that had no consequence on the income and net incomes statements. There are several constructions used by Enron for its accounting patterns. One of them was to utilize SPEs to sell A?financial assetsA? ( a debt or equity owned by Enron ) at the terminal of a fiscal accounting period in order to better their fiscal ratios and standing. The secret contracts between Enron and the SPEs gave Enron the right to purchase portions of the SPEs. This ensured Enron control of the SPEs. Mark-to-market accounting scheme: Enron had implemented the Mark-to-market accounting scheme. It is the accounting scheme that, the monetary value or value of a security is recorded on a day-to-day footing to cipher net incomes and losingss. Enron counted the projected net incomes from long-run energy contracts as current income, but it non did non reflect the true economic value. All the income was estimated as the present value of net hereafter hard currency flows. Mark to market scheme counted the future income as current income that increased the fiscal net incomes nevertheless in future old ages ; the net incomes could non be included. To maintain the concern growing and the investor s Trust over the concern, company should include extra income from its new undertaking at any manner. So Enron did it through its SPEs. Capital stock dealing The dealing of issue of portion by company should non normally be recorded an increased to stock holders equity until hard currency payment for the portion is received. Enron issued portion to its SPEs in exchange for notes receivable. That accounting intervention merely overstated the notes receivable and portion holder s equity. Enron used its ain common stock to capitalize SPEs. Gross acknowledgment Enron recognised largely from long term contracts where the value of the contract was determined based on subjective grade to market ( MTM ) scheme. It did non calculate the just value of a fiscal instrument when there was no active market for it. Furthermore Enron recognised gross originating from an addition in the value of its ain portion utilizing the equity method of accounting. Acknowledging additions in the value of Enron s common stocks Enron had had partnership with its SPEs. Enron had given partnership portions to those SPEs. One of them ZEDI held 12 million portion of Enron stock, which was carried at just market value. Increased in the menu value of those portion monetary values, Enron recorded it as income utilizing equity method. But Enron did non recorded losingss while ZEDI portions declined. That means Enron was recognizing the increasing value of its ain portions as gross but losingss were non. Accounting revelation The accounting and the fiscal revelation that Enron had made was non equal. Particularly contracts that made with its SPEs, there was no systematic Procedure that could specify about dealing made with related parties. Enron entered into a series of affecting a 3rd party LJM in June 1999, but the e consequence of the dealing was non clearly disclosed to its investors, employees and other stakeholders. Question 3: three. The overruling basic rule of accounting is that if you explain the accounting intervention to a adult male in the street, would you act upon his puting determinations? Would he sell or purchase the stock based on a thorough apprehension of the facts? If so, you best present it right and/or alter the accounting. My concern is that the footers do nt adequately explicate the minutess What is the context of this remark by Watkins? Why footers do non adequately explicate minutess? ( 6 Markss ) ( Around 350 words ) Watking who is my hero once more points out one more thing FOOT NOTES really its non easy to understand all the dealing in the accounting for all the comptrollers as good so we ever use footers to explicate how the above dealing was carried out .. but ENRON footers did non explicate anything adequatley .. which is picked by Watkins and the chief ground pes notes was non explain right . beacuse of the sham . creative activity of all the dealing which did non had any value this is what we need to explicate while replying this inquiry . 3. On the electronic mail of Watkins to Lay, she commented that the footer made on the dealing was non equal and did non give proper information to its related parties. Particularly the dealing made with SPEs ( Raptor, ZEDI ) , it was non appropriate and transparent. The footers did non explicate decently about what dealing made with those SPEs, what the consequence behind the minutess and so many other accounting and funding footings. If those footings are decently explained so, investors would cognize that the entities that Enron keeping are thinly capitalised. Furthermore they would cognize all the value in the SPEs come from the underlying value of the derived functions and Enron stock. But the footers revelations of above minutess at amalgamate statements were obscure and hard to understand. The Enron fiscal statement revelation did non state everything about the dealing that was made with its SPEs. The substance of the minutess that Enron entered into was hard to separate from the footers to the fiscal statements, and since merely the signifier of the minutess was reflected on the face of the fiscal statements, it was hard for investors and creditors to obtain a clear position of the fiscal place and consequences of operations of Enron. Question 4: Watkin s memo refers to Arthur Anderson A ; Co ( AA ) at several topographic points. How was their function as hearers of the company? Critically explain. 5 Marks ( Around 300 words ) ( Arthur Anderson A ; his company was really the hearer of the ENRON .. and he used to acquire $ 50million in a twelvemonth .. to do all the fraud studies in right order .. What Arthur Anderson did that he sacked some of his good hearers purposly .. and so these hearers were hired by ENRON .. all harmonizing to Plan so outside media does non cognize anything .. all the hearers which were now in ENRON worked harmonizing to instructions of Arthur Anderson .. and that was it . ENRON neer had a job in fiscal statements as they all were in the same boat .. this is wat we need to explicate inthis inquiry ) A Arthur Anderson A ; Co ( AA ) was non merely the hearer of Enron ; it provided confer withing services every bit good. Arthur Anderson A ; Co was paid $ 52m including A ; 27m for confer withing and remainder for scrutinizing in 2000 by Enron. Arthur Andersen became so reliant on the combined service grosss of these clients that they discredited the cardinal rules of the accounting/auditing profession. The relationship between Enron and Andersen developed so much that Enron were able to exaggerate gross by close to $ 600 million over a figure of old ages, before its prostration in December 2001. Andersen did non carry through its professional duties in connexion with its audits of Enron s fiscal statements, or its duty to convey to the attending of Enron s Board ( or the Audit and Compliance Committee ) concerns about Enron s internal contracts over the related-party minutess . On June 15, 2002, Andersen was convicted ofA obstructor of justiceA for tear uping paperss related to its audit ofA Enron, ensuing in theA Enron scandal.A Nancy TempleA ( Andersen Legal Dept. ) andA David DuncanA ( Lead Partner for the Enron history ) were cited as the responsible directors in this dirt as they had given the order to tear up relevant paperss. Critics suggest that Enron s prostration was backed up because hearer Arthur Andersen was gaining every bit much from confer withing as from scrutinizing. They believe this factor created an inducement non to dispute the energy company s fiscal statements ( Drinkard, 2002 ) . Barefoot ( 2002 ) besides agrees that the hearer s independency was compromised. However, Barefoot ( 2002 ) besides argues that the Board of Directors set aside the company s ain moralss policy in order to allow the questionable fiscal minutess. She states that legal and conformity jobs about neer originate unless senior executives have tolerated, and even created a clime in which disobedience can happen. While critics believed that a struggle of involvement was a major lending factor to the catastrophe, . So while the populace are indicating the finger of incrimination at Arthur Andersen, the experts are connoting that Enron s senior executives should hold been pointed as harshly. Decision: ( 200 words ) There are rather a figure of lessons that can be learned from Enron to forestall these dirts from go oning. First, ethical civilizations must be well-fortified so that among employees, clients, providers and investors will hold higher grades of satisfaction and trueness. Ethical motives must be looked from both moral-rights and justness positions. In organisations, this construct that includes the right of employees to reject unethical actions must be practiced. This is to guarantee that employees are ever protected in rights of privateness, picks, wellness and safety. Besides that, we must handle people impartially and reasonably, harmonizing to legal regulations and criterions. Procedural justness must besides be applied so that policies and regulations of the organisation are reasonably administered. Next, the 2nd lesson learned from Enron s failure is rigorous regulations must be enforced and imposed on companies so everything can remain in order. Certain techniques to make so include making comprehensive policies around corporate administration, inventing systems to portion informations across conformity paperss to avoid duplicate of work, such as finance sheets, set uping clear lines of duty so that both employers and employees know what is their country of duties, and doing those procedures portion of a company s civilization. These wide guidelines can assist guarantee that dirts such as Enron s would non go on once more. Besides that, lessons that can be learned form Enron s failure is to be careful on doing the right or incorrect pick, as there is ever a first knowing trip. This first trip frequently involves a little evildoing, but none are more of import ; because this little via media or minimum evildoing will about ever lead to worse behavior. Once you step over the line, it is hard to travel back to the right class. In Enron, because a director made a bad determination, so he tries to cover it up. In fact, he should seek to work out that job critically, whether it is revenue enhancement frauds or corporate discourtesies, otherwise, after the first trip, it ever gets easier and easier to go on these misconduct. Finally, the lessons that can be learned form Enron s failure is learn to be satisfied with what you have lawfully earned, as greed is a barbarous frailty that can destruct you. If you judge success in life by what you can roll up, you will neer be to the full content, as person will ever hold more, your kids or others will ever desire more from you, and hence, you will neer hold plenty. It is in the human nature to be avaricious, but non until you have to take illegal actions to gain it. See this illustration, directors in Enron such as Jeffrey Skilling wanted to do more money and at the terminal, they received their penalties. Skilling was sentenced to 24 old ages in prison in October 23, 2006. In decision, we must make everything in all cost to forestall from these things to go on once more, so that there will be no unethical direction to be practiced once more.

Friday, November 29, 2019

Writing Academic Paragraphs Essay Example

Writing Academic Paragraphs Paper University of Dalat – Department of Foreign Languages WRITING ACADEMIC PARAGRAPHS Writing Effective Paragraphs A paragraph should be unified, coherent, and well developed. Paragraphs are unified around a main point, and all sentences in the paragraph should clearly relate to that point in some way. The paragraphs main idea should be supported with specific information that develops or discusses the main idea in greater detail. Creating a Topic Sentence The topic sentence expresses the main point in a paragraph. You may create your topic sentence by considering the details or examples you will discuss. What unifies these examples? What do your examples have in common? Reach a conclusion and write that conclusion first. If it helps, think of writing backwardsfrom generalization to support instead of from examples to a conclusion. If you know what you main point will be, write that as clearly as possible. Then focus on key words in your topic sentence and try to explain them more fully. Keep asking yourself How? or Why? or What examples can I provide to convince a reader? . After you have added your supporting information, review the topic sentence to see that it still indicates the direction of your writing. Purposes of Topic Sentences †¢ †¢ †¢ We will write a custom essay sample on Writing Academic Paragraphs specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Writing Academic Paragraphs specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Writing Academic Paragraphs specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer To state the main point of a paragraph To give the reader a sense of direction (indicate what information will follow) To summarize the paragraphs main point Often appear as the first or second sentences of a paragraph Rarely appear at the end of the paragraph Placement of Topic Sentences †¢ †¢ Supporting a Topic Sentence with Details To support a topic sentence, consider some of the possible ways that provide details. To develop a paragraph, use one or more of these: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Add examples Tell a story that illustrates the point youre making Discuss a process Compare and contrast Use analogies (eg. X is similar to Y because. . . ) Discuss cause and effect Define your terms Reasons for beginning a new paragraph †¢ †¢ To show youre switching to a new idea To highlight an important point by putting it at the beginning or end of your paragraph 1 Source: Internet AUTUMNTENSA- 2008 University of Dalat – Department of Foreign Languages †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ WRITING ACADEMIC PARAGRAPHS To show a change in time or place To emphasize a contrast To indicate changing speakers in a dialogue To give readers an opportunity to pause To break up a dense text Ways of Arranging Information within or between paragraphs †¢ †¢ †¢ Order of time (chronology) Order of space (descriptions of a location or scene) Order of climax (building toward a conclusion) Order of importance (from least to most important or from most to least important) Writing Effective Paragraphs The Topic Sentence by S. Marques, Kentridge High School A paragraph is a group of sentences dealing with a single topic or idea. Usually, one sentence, called the topic sentence, states the main idea of the paragraph. All the other sentences are related to this topic sentence. They further explain or support the main idea. The Topic Sentences Function The topic sentence of a paragraph is like a contract between writer and reader. The writer is saying, in effect, I have an idea I want to explain to you. The reader is answering, All right, explain it to me. For the writer to hold to the contract, he or she must explain the idea stated in the topic sentence. Therefore, the topic sentence controls the content of the paragraph. Judging Topic Sentences A topic sentence makes a general statement that is wider in its scope than the rest of the sentences in the paragraph. A good topic sentence is broad enough to be developed by specific details. However, if a topic sentence is too general, the remainder of the paragraph will have to be either extremely long in order to give an adequate explanation of the idea, or it will have to contain nothing but more general statements. A topic sentence can be evaluated by asking a few questions. 1. Does the topic sentence present oneand only onetopic? 2. Is the topic sentence an overgeneralization? 3. Does the sentence give strong direction to the whole paragraph? Usually, it is difficult to say that a topic sentence is good or bad. It is possible, however, to say that one topic sentence is better than another. AUTUMNTENSA- 2008 2 Source: Internet University of Dalat – Department of Foreign Languages WRITING ACADEMIC PARAGRAPHS Placement of the Topic Sentence In general, a sensible plan is to tell readers what the paragraph is intended to discuss before it is discussed. Thus, the common practice in writing a paragraph is to begin with the topic sentence and to follow it with supporting sentences. The topic sentence serves the special purpose of announcing the paragraphs topic. Using this approach to placement of the topic sentence, the reader can more easily identify the central point that the writer is making. Developing Paragraphs Well developed paragraphs support their topic sentences with concrete details, lively examples and illustrations, or well developed, clearly worded arguments. The relation between the specific, concrete detailsthe facts you are basing your opinion onand your opinion must be clearly spelled out for your reader. Forms of Supporting Material In order to hold your readers attention, you must give them something worth reading. Essays containing paragraphs that are not adequately developed simply waste your readers time. Therefore, so as to keep your audience, you must bring in enough specific detail to keep the reading interesting. In fact, your goal should be to capture on paper your memories (narration), mental images (description), or reasoning processes (exposition and argumentation) in such a carefully detailed and ordered fashion that your readers cannot help but recreate the mental images or reasoning processes in their own minds. There are a number of different ways in which you can develop a paragraph. The most common are explained below. Explanation An explanation is an attempt at making a term, concept, process, or proposal clear and intelligible. An explanation may show the relationship between the whole and its parts. Often, explanation is followed by a specific example or illustration. Comparison and Contrast Comparison attempts to help the reader understand a new concept by likening it to one that the reader already knows. Contrast may be used to explain how the new concept is different from the old one, how it has its own identity. Comparison and contrast may be used alone or in combination. In the examples below, X indicates the new concept while Y represents the familiar concept: †¢ Comparison used alone is really analogy. Analogies often take the form of X is like Y in that . . . . †¢ Contrast is often used to differentiate between two closely related or outwardly similar ideas. 3 Source: Internet AUTUMNTENSA- 2008 University of Dalat – Department of Foreign Languages WRITING ACADEMIC PARAGRAPHS Sometimes contrast is used to describe something by explaining what it is not. Contrast sometimes take the form of Unlike Y, X does not . . . . †¢ Comparison and Contrast together are very often the best way to convey a new idea to your readers, relating the new idea to something your readers are already familiar with and then explaining how it is NOT the same as that more familiar concept. Keep in mind that neither comparison nor contrast will work if you are not relating the new concept to one that your readers already understand. Therefore, it is important to define your audience and know who they are and what they care about. Illustration, specific instance and example An illustration is a narrative example, a story exemplifying the idea that you are trying to express. An illustration should have concrete details, all of which support the main idea you are expressing. Unlike specific instances and examples, which are usually conveyed in one sentence or sometimes in just a phrase, illustrations may make up an entire paragraph. Illustrations may be factualrecounting a true storyor hypothetical. Hypothetical illustrations present a possible event that could happen in the future if certain actions are not taken or convey a possible scenario that could have happened in the past if certain actions had not been taken. To be effective, illustrations, examples, and specific instances must be †¢ †¢ †¢ clearly related to the idea in your writing that you are trying to support reasonable and realistic, not the exception, not science fiction vivid in detail Choose your illustrations, specific instances, and examples carefully, applying the above criteria. Statistics Statistics are figures that show trends in the population. Statistics from surveys often indicate how different segments of the population differ from each other in opinion. In addition, statistics can indicate such tendencies as how people react to a new drug, which segment of the population has the greatest tendency toward a certain illness, and what the most common manner of death is for particular segments of the population. Statistics can help you to support your opinion by showing how great a problem is in the population in general or in a segment of the population or by indicating trends across time. Authoritative opinion and personal testimony Another way to support your thesis or topic sentence is through the use of authoritative opinion or personal testimony. A person qualifies as an authority on a subject either through depth of education AUTUMNTENSA- 2008 4 Source: Internet University of Dalat – Department of Foreign Languages WRITING ACADEMIC PARAGRAPHS or through depth of experience, preferably both. Thus, the PhD in Sociology may be an authority on poverty through years of field research and reading in the discipline, but the woman who has reared her children successfully despite an income below the poverty line is also an authority on poverty. In rder for the authoritatave opinion or expert testimony to be acceptable to your audience and an effective method of support for your main idea, you must establish the following for your audience: 1. The person whose opinion or testimony you are using qualifies as an expert. 2. The information is based on your experts first-hand knowledge. (If your expert cites another source, try to go to that original source. ) NOTE: A well developed topic sentence paragraph will be much longer than most of the paragraphs you are reading on these web pages. Writing for the Internet is usually very different from traditional academic writing. For example, on the Internet, you will find capital letters in odd places for emphasis. ) One primary difference in these two types of writing lies in the length of paragraphs. Paragraphs tend to be much shorter in e-mail messages and on web pages. In your final drafts for this class, you should write fully developed paragraphs, which are at least eight sentences long. I do not generally care for counting words, pages, or sentences in student writing, but for paragraph development, Ive found that fewer than eight sentences generally do not constitute a well developed paragraph according to academic writing standards. On the other hand, having eight sentences in a paragraph does not assure that you have a fully developed paragraph. Paragraph development always refers to content, but chances are good that, if a paragraph looks skimpy on the page, it probably is underdeveloped. Paragraph Development: Coordination and Subordination of Details Effective paragraphs include specific facts and details that support the main idea. Since the details are more specific than the main idea, they are considered subordinate to it. But the details themselves may be equally specific. If so, we say that they are coordinate. However, some details may be more specific than others. A detail that is more specific than another is considered subordinate to it. Thus, all the details in a paragraph are subordinate to the main ideas, but some details are coordinate (equal to others), and some are subordinate to others (more specific than others). Coordinate Details One way to develop the main idea of a paragraph is to use all coordinate, or equally specific, details. For example, the supporting details in the paragraph below are coordinate. (1) Mexico offers visitors a world of contrasts. (2) Its pyramids and ancient ruins give us a glimpse of he past while its modern cities provide us with the best of todays technology. (3) Its mountains offer cool weather and majestic peaks while, only a few miles away, its beaches tempt us with brilliant sun and white sand. (4) Its elegant restaurants serve the most sophisticated continental cuisine while, across the street or down the block, sidewalk vendors sell the simples t of native foods. (5) Thus the traveler to Mexico is faced with a series of delightful decisions. AUTUMNTENSA- 2008 5 Source: Internet University of Dalat – Department of Foreign Languages WRITING ACADEMIC PARAGRAPHS In this paragraph, the main idea, which is stated in sentence (1), is supported by three equally specific, or coordinate, supporting details: sentences (2), (3), and (4). Sentence (5) concludes the paragraph and reinforces the main idea. This paragraph can be diagrammed as shown below. Main idea (sentence 1) Coordinate detail (sentence 2) Coordinate detail (sentence 3) Coordinate detail (sentence 4) Conclusion (sentence 5) (1) Mexico offers visitors a world of contrasts. (2) Its pyramids and ancient ruins give us a glimpse of the past while its modern cities provide us with the best of todays technology. 3) Its mountains offer cool weather and majestic peaks while, only a few miles away, its beaches tempt us with brilliant sun and white sand. (4) Its elegant restaurants serve the most sophisticated continental cuisine while, across the street or down the block, sidewalk vendors sell the simplest of native foods. (5) Thus the traveler to Mexico is faced with a series of delightful dec isions. Developing Unified and Coherent Paragraphs A paragraph is unified when every sentence develops the point made in the topic sentence . It must have a single focus and it must contain no irrelevant facts. Every sentence must contribute to the paragraph by explaining, exemplifying, or expanding the topic sentence. In order to determine whether a paragraph is well developed or not, ask yourself: What main point am I trying to convey here? (topic sentence) and then Does every sentence clearly relate to this idea? There are several ways in which you can build good, clear paragraphs. This section will discuss three of the most common types of paragraph structure: development by detail, comparison and contrast, and process. Finally, it will suggest that most paragraphs are built of a combination of development strategies. Paragraph Development by Details This is the most common and easiest form of paragraph development: you simply expand on a general topic sentence using specific examples or illustrations. Look at the following paragraph (you may have encountered it before): Work tends to be associated with non-work-specific environments, activities, and schedules. If asked what space is reserved for learning, many students would suggest the classroom, the lab or the library. What about the kitchen? The bedroom? In fact, any room in which a student habitually studies becomes a learning space, or a place associated with thinking. Some people need to engage in sports or other physical activity before they can work successfully. Being sedentary seems to inspire others. Although most classes are scheduled between 8:30 and 22:00, some students do their best work before the sun rises, some after it sets. Some need a less flexible schedule than others, while a very few can sit and not rise until their task is completed. Some students work quickly and efficiently, while others cannot produce anything AUTUMNTENSA- 2008 6 Source: Internet University of Dalat – Department of Foreign Languages WRITING ACADEMIC PARAGRAPHS without much dust and heat. The topic sentence makes a general claim: that school work tends not to be associated only with school. The rest of the sentences provide various illustrations of this argument. They are organised around the three categories, environment, activities, and schedules, enumerated in the topic sentence. The details provide the concrete examples which your reader will use to evaluate the credibility of your topic sentence. Paragraph Development by Comparison and Contrast You should consider developing your paragraph by comparison and contrast when you are describing two or more things which have something, but not everything, in common. You may choose to compare either point by point (X is big, Y is little; X and Y are both purple. ) or subject by subject (X is big and purple; Y is small and purple. ). Consider, for example, the following paragraph: Although the interpretation of traffic signals may seem highly standardized, close observation reveals regional variations across this country, distinguishing the East Coast from Central Canada and the West as surely as dominant dialects or political inclinations. In Montreal, a flashing red traffic light instructs drivers to careen even more wildly through intersections heavily populated with pedestrians and oncoming vehicles. In startling contrast, an amber light in Calgary warns drivers to scream to a halt on the off chance that there might be a pedestrian within 500 meters who might consider crossing at some unspecified time within the current day. In my home town in New Brunswick, finally, traffic lights (along with painted lines and posted speed limits) do not apply to tractors, all terrain vehicles, or pickup trucks, which together account for most vehicles on the road. In fact, were any observant Canadian dropped from an alien space vessel at an unspecified intersection anywhere in this vast land, he or she could almost certainly orient him-or-herself according to the surrounding traffic patterns. This paragraph compares traffic patterns in three areas of Canada. It contrasts the behaviour of drivers in the Maritimes, in Montreal, and in Calgary, in order to make a point about how attitudes in various places inform behaviour. People in these areas have in common the fact that they all drive; in contrast, they drive differently according to the area in which they live. It is important to note that the paragraph above considers only one aspect of driving (behaviour at traffic lights). If you wanted to consider two or more aspects, you would probably need more than one paragraph. Paragraph Development by Process Paragraph development by process involves a straightforward step-by-step description. Those of you in the sciences will recognise it as the formula followed in the method section of a lab experiment. Process description often follows a chronological sequence: The first point to establish is the grip of the hand on the rod. This should be about half-way up the cork handle, absolutely firm and solid, but not tense or rigid. All four fingers are curved around the handle, the little finger, third finger and middle finger contributing most of the firmness by pressing the cork solidly into the fleshy part of the palm, near the heel of the hand. The forefinger supports and steadies the grip but supplies its own firmness against the AUTUMNTENSA- 2008 7 Source: Internet University of Dalat – Department of Foreign Languages WRITING ACADEMIC PARAGRAPHS thumb, which should be along the upper side of the handle and somewhere near the top of the grip. from Roderick Haig-Brown, Fly Casting) The topic sentence establishes that the author will use this paragraph to describe the process of establishing the grip of the hand on the rod, and this is exactly what he does, point by point, with little abstraction. Paragraph Development by Combination Very often, a single paragraph will contain development by a combinat ion of methods. It may begin with a brief comparison, for example, and move on to provide detailed descriptions of the subjects being compared. A process analysis might include a brief history of the process in question. Many paragraphs include lists of examples: The broad range of positive characteristics used to define males could be used to define females too, but they are not. At its entry for woman Websters Third provides a list of qualities considered distinctive of womanhood: Gentleness, affection, and domesticity or on the other hand fickleness, superficiality, and folly. Among the qualities considered distinctive of manhood listed in the entry for man, no negative attributes detract from the courage, strength, and vigor the definers associate with males. According to this dictionary, womanish means unsuitable to a man or to a strong character of either sex. This paragraph is a good example of one which combines a comparison and contrast of contemporary notions of manliness and womanliness with an extended list of examples. Paragraph Development: Coherence by S. Marques, Kentridge High School Coherence is the orderly presentation of ideas. Paragraphs are made coherent by arranging the supporting details in an order that will be clear to the reader and by using transitional words and phrases to introduce and connect those details. If the reader says to herself, What are these sentences doing together in this order in this paragraph? , then that paragraph probably lacks coherence. Coherence in a paragraph depends chiefly on ordering the sentences according to a logic that is easy to follow. One sentence should logically, sensibly, grow out of the preceding sentence, as if the writers thoughts are flowing on and on. Often the plan of development is so easy that readers may be unaware of it. Order of Importance Order of importance is a way of organizing ideas according to the degree of their value, power, authority, interest, or quality. A paragraph may begin with the least important item and progress to the most important (ascending order), thus building the readers interest. Alternatively, the most-toleast-important order (descending order) may be used if the writer wants to arouse the readers attention immediately. AUTUMNTENSA- 2008 8 Source: Internet University of Dalat – Department of Foreign Languages WRITING ACADEMIC PARAGRAPHS Order of Generality Order of generality is a way of arranging ideas according to their breadth or scope. When a paragraph is organized from the general to the particular, ideas are presented that are increasingly narrow or specific. The paragraph might begin by identifying a major issue, continue by focusing on just part of the issue, and conclude by giving examples of the part. On the other hand, when a paragraph is organized from particular to general, increasingly broad ideas are presented. Such a paragraph might begin with a concrete observation, expand the observation to an idea, and enlarge the idea to a rule or general statement. Comparison and Contrast Comparison and contrast are useful methods for developing a topic that consists of two or more similar items. When items are compared, the writer shows how they are alike. When items are contrasted, the writer is able to show how the items differ. A paragraph may be developed through comparison, or contrast, or both. There are two main ways to develop a paragraph by comparison or contrast. One way is to alternate details, following each point about one item with a corresponding point about the other. The pattern of this kind of development is AB AB AB. The second way is to present all of the details about one item before taking up the other. This pattern is AAA BBB. Whichever approach is selected, make certain that the treatment is balancedthat every point of comparison or contrast is applied to both items. Cause and Effect When a paragraph is organized by cause and effect, the writer is providing an explanation of the relationship between two items. A cause produces a result; an effect is a result of a cause. To claim that one event or condition causes another is to say that the first brings about the second. Organizing a paragraph by cause and effect can be accomplished in two ways: (1) Begin the paragraph with an effect and then follow with the causes of the effect. 2) Begin with a cause and follow with its effects. If the writers objective is show why something exists or occurs, then effectsto-causes is the better choice. If the writers goal is to show consequences, then the causes-to-effects order is more appropriate. Paragraph Coherence The three qualities by which a paragraph is evaluated are unity, development, and coherence. We have alr eady discussed unity and development, leaving only coherence. However, coherence is a quality which many writers have trouble achieving in their paragraphs. In fact, coherence may be the most difficult quality for most students to achieve in their writing. Coherence refers to how well the contents of a paragraph hang together. Achieving unity in your paragraphs is a good start on coherence as is having the substantive supporting detail that helps you to achieve paragraph development. However, coherence goes beyond achieving unity or avoiding digressions. Coherence refers to how the individual sentencestheir order within the paragraph and their individual structuresrelate to one another in shaping the paragraph. In order to achieve paragraph coherence, you must look at a number of different elements in your paragraph: AUTUMNTENSA- 2008 9 Source: Internet University of Dalat – Department of Foreign Languages †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ WRITING ACADEMIC PARAGRAPHS the organizational pattern the use of transitional devices the repetition of key words or related terms, including pronouns the occurrence of parallel syntactic structures Connections Between Sentences by S. Marques, Kentridge High School A good paragraph has unity: All the sentences have a relationship to one another and to the main idea. The connection between sentences in a paragraph can be shown in several ways, but principally by the use of transitional words and phrases. Transitional words and phrases may be conjunctions, such as and, but, and however, or explanatory expressions, such as for instance, on the other hand, and so on. Transitional words and phrases act as signals. They give directions. They tell where the paragraph is going. In this sense, transitional words and phrases also act to hold sentences together, achieving unity. Here are some of the most commonly used connecting words and phrases and the purposes they serve. Purpose Connecting Word/Phrase To add another idea furthermore, in ddition, also, moreover, likewise, similarly first, finally, meanwhile, eventually, next, subsequently, To arrange ideas in order or time ultimately, at the same time To add an illustration or for example, for instance, in other words explanation hence, therefore, thus, accordingly, in brief, in conclusion, To conclude or sum up consequently To connect two contrasting ideas; on the other hand, however, yet, conversely, nonetheless, to differeniate ideas nev ertheless, rather, although, on the contrary indeed, naturally, of course, certainly, undoubtedly, admittedly, To emphasize or confirm plainly Logical Connectives Additionally, the logical development chosen for the paragraph can be made very clear to the reader by the words used to connect one sentence to the next. These words are often referred to as logical connectives because they make clear not only the order but also the meaning of the writing. Each organizational pattern has its own logical connectives. Order of importance may be emphasized with transitional words and expressions such as first, a second factor, equally important, furthermore, of major concern, finally, least important, and most important. Transitional expressions such as equally, similarly, just as, however, on the other hand, despite, and otherwise may be used to emphasize comparison or contrast. Words particularly suited to writing about causes and effects are as a result, because, consequently, and therefore. AUTUMNTENSA- 2008 10 Source: Internet

Monday, November 25, 2019

The Theme of Self Pity in the Streetcar NamedDesire Essays

The Theme of Self Pity in the Streetcar NamedDesire Essays The Theme of Self Pity in the Streetcar NamedDesire Paper The Theme of Self Pity in the Streetcar NamedDesire Paper Essay Topic: A Streetcar Named Desire Self-pity in A Streetcar Named Desire Bernard Deckle is very accurate when stating that plays deal consistently with a serious theme self-pity, the persistence of memory that holds people in its grip and will not let them go on with their lives. The Streetcar Named Desire displays this theme primarily through the unstable, dislocated character of Balance. In effect, Balance acts as the vessel for a number of themes such as the denial of reality, love, cruelty and loneliness. Williams portrayal of the theme of self- itty through the character of Balance is exhibited by her erratic manner, her characters history, certain motifs in the play and major events. From the beginning of the play it is established that Balance is an insecure character with a plethora of reasons to be on the edge of madness. In fact In our very first encounter with her suggests a moth. This gives way to our assumptions that there Is something In her past that affects her greatly. She is immediately portrayed as a fallen woman in societys eyes she has lost her family fortune and estate, her young husband omitted suicide many years ago and she has a badly concealed drinking problem. Her indiscreet sexual behavior, which she flaunts constantly through the play, alludes to her promiscuous past. It Is evident that Blanches character Is plagued with Insecurities that effectively depict the theme of self-pity her Issue with her fading beauty is but one of these insecurities. Balance is in perpetual panic over her passing physical beauty. This is initially revealed by her idiosyncrasy of avoiding direct light [Balance] chant stand a naked light bulb! and her superficial need for compliments. She constantly demands admiring compliments and reassurance from the other characters; we recognizes her little weakness as evidence of her low self- esteem and vanity. This ties In with the theme of self-pity, as her need to psychologically support herself with compliments Is an aspect of how people are affected by self-pity. One significant memory that haunts Balance throughout the entire course of the play is the death of her young husband. She laments that Just before Allens death, they danced the Virginians! Music is significant when depicting how much anguish this recollection causes Balance the Visional polka tune plays at various points when Balance experiences great remorse for Allens death. The polka plays Increasingly often as she becomes more and more unhinged, and it often drives Blanch to distraction. The polka evokes the moment when Balance confronted Allen about his homosexuality and claimed that he disgusted her which led to his suicide. It represents Blanches loss of innocence, which we can trace to her gradual mental decline into insanity. This ties in with the theme of self-pity as it represents a significant memory that holds Balance in its grip and does not let go. She Is constantly harried by this brutal memory and whenever she panics and loses nerd grip on realty, ten variously strokes up . It Is evident Tanat Williams play A Streetcar Named Desire deals with the solemn theme of self-pity its impact is perfectly exemplified through the character of Balance and she explores this theme extensively. Overall we can link her destitute state and her decline into insanity to the self-decadence that grips her invariably.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

With Reference to Best Practice from Your Experience, Explore How Essay

With Reference to Best Practice from Your Experience, Explore How Social Networking (And Particular of Facebook and Twitter) Can Be Used For Tourism Marketing - Essay Example With an overall viewpoint, social networking can be regarded as the grouping of people. It may take place through a face to face communication, but when termed to be as online the communication takes place through social sites, i.e. the websites used for social networking such as the Facebook, Twitter, Bebo, and so on most commonly known as the Web 2.0 (Social Networking, 2010). Online social networking has somewhat the same characteristics as the face to face communication, although with a different mechanism and a higher value in the modern perspective. Evidently online social networking is gaining increasing importance in the modernisation of the business world. Organisations today, in the modern realistic world are tending more towards the inclusion of online social media in their adapted marketing strategies. It is mostly due to the fact that online social networks reward the individuals with an ease to build up relationships with other persons having a common interest in terms of preferences and perceptions. Moreover, the barriers in terms of age group, geographical dimensions, economic status and other variables also have a negative impact while opting for social networking as a marketing tool. ... To face these challenges the utilisation of social networking again proves to be beneficial for the tourism groups (Middleton & Et. Al., 2009). This paper thus focuses on two main questions, i.e. how can the social networking be used to promote a tourism company and what are the pros and cons of this process. Hence, the further discussion of the paper shall be concentrated on the features of two most used social networks, i.e. Facebook and Twitter. Facebook and Twitter as Social Media Presently there are numerous social networking sites used by different organisations to promote their business. Few of them are Twitter, Flicr, Facebook, Youtube, Google, Yahoo, Hotmail, Orkut and many others. But among them the most targeted social sites are the Facebook and the Twitter. The impact of these social networks can be evidently witnessed all around the world. Facebook This social site was created by Mark Zuckerberg, Dustin Moskocovitz and Chris Hughes in the year 2004. Initially the site wa s started to be used only by Harvard students. But after recognising the actual potential of the site it was expanded for the inclusion of high school students, business groups and other internet users by 2008. Presently the site is ranked as one of the most visited social network sites. During 2008, the company had a base of around 67 million active visitors all around the world. And in the current scenario the site has more than 500 million regular visitors. This is indeed a remarkable achievement of the site. The basic features of Facebook similar to other social sites allow the users to enter their personal information along with e-mail, phone number and

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Abortion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Abortion - Essay Example ff, 2002), fetus lacks self-consciousness thus it does it is not even aware that it is alive thus it practically does not have the will or the desire to live (Singer, 2000). Since the fetus is supposedly unaware of its existence, the mother has the right to terminate the pregnancy. The argument here is that forcing a woman to bring a fetus to full term and then raise the child thereafter is contrary to the very idea of self-autonomy and freedom of choice (Warren, Mary Ann, 1973). Although the woman has rights over her body, the fetus also has the right to life. Arguably, the right to life starts at conception (Marquis, 1989). When the woman choose to have consented sex, she become responsible for putting the fetus into her womb. As it is, she now has the obligation to let the fetus use her body. The right to life of the fetus now comes in direct contrast to the rights of the woman not to let the fetus use her body. The question now is whose rights are more important, the rights of the mother over her body or the right of the fetus to use the body of the mother to live. This clash of rights may not be resolved easily and debates regarding the issue are bound to go on for several

Monday, November 18, 2019

Plea-bargaining Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Plea-bargaining - Essay Example The advantage of this system is that there is no need for a trial, a right that the defendant waives losing the chance for acquittal. However, the defendant â€Å"escapes† with a lesser charge than would have been the case had trial been done. The state saves on the cost of conducting a trial (Grossman & Katz, 1983). For the system to be operational, there are issues that are pre-negotiated including the reduction of charges, recommendations regarding the sentence itself or the guarantee that the prosecution would not oppose a request for probation. The process of plea-bargaining after the crime is committed and the accused person is arrested. The accused pleads guilty in exchange of an agreed sentence recommended by the judge. There are three types of pleas bargains. These are charge bargaining, count bargaining and sentence bargaining. The first type of bargain is where the defendant agrees to plead to a charge that is lesser than the one he is charged with. The second is wh ere the defendant will have the number of charges that he faces reduced in number and the third is where the defendant simply pleads guilty with prior knowledge of what the sentence will be. The process of plea bargaining is a private matter where only the accused, the defendant counsel, the prosecutor and in some cases the judge may be in attendance. The offer of plea bargain is used to locate stolen goods, to help arrest other culprits or to know the location of a kidnapped victim or a killed individual. A plea bargain does not undermine the system of law. Although the facts indicate that the practice usually leads to reduced sentences to guilty parties without the process of trial, there are benefits that aid in offsetting the negative sentiments expressed in relation to the practice. There are many advantages to plea bargaining as there are disadvantages. Considering the success rates of plea bargaining compared to that of trials, the practice inadvertently aids in the reduction of criminals on the streets as well as guarantee speedy dispensation of justice (Goldstein, 1997). In exchange, the prosecution gets information that might be valuable to the conviction of more serious crimes or may get information that might be the missing link towards the conclusion of a case in a court or an investigation. There are instances where plea bargaining has been considered as lacking. The prisoner?s dilemma scenario plays out during plea bargains (Schulhofer, 1992). Consider two people who have been accused. The prosecution will attempt to unearth the facts of the case by offering a plea bargain to one party so that he can testify against the other party. Regardless of whether both parties are guilty or not, the person who confesses will give false information incriminating even those who may not be guilty in an attempt to get himself out of the larger sentence. Another scenario is when the defendant cannot raise bail. Such a defendant will plead guilty to the charges leveled against him regardless of whether he is guilty or not. Such a person considers the length of time that trials usually take and chooses to plead to a plea bargain that might present a lesser time than that which he would have faced awaiting trial. Some critics argue that plea bargaining does not always result in saving on costs (Kipnis, 1979). They consider that a prosecutor who has a remote chance of getting a conviction may enter a plea bargain with the aim of getting reduced time for the defendant. If such a defendant accepts the deal, he will increase the cost to the state as he will be catered for in a jail. On the contrary, if the trial had dragged on until the end, the defendant would have been acquitted and that would have carried no extra cost to the state. There are

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Murakami Harukis Norwegian Wood

Murakami Harukis Norwegian Wood Sex and Existence: A Third Choice of Human Existence in Murakami Harukis Norwegian Wood In Norwegian Wood, Murakami Haruki experiments to challenge the mainstream conceptions of sex, love and human existence, that he believes these three elements do not always coordinate with each other; and part of the reason why this novel is so celebrated even today is because it breaks what the media, the society, and the human instinct of being normal. Death exists, not as the opposite but as a part of life (25) is a famous quote from Norwegian Wood, and it provides a third perception of understanding life and death; similarly, a significant part of the novel discusses the relationship between love and sex, which Murakami sets different characters to perform a third way of human existence with different perspectives. To begin with, the best way to understand Norwegian Wood, is to not consider it as a romantic or teen novel, which normally conveys the idea that love conquers all (Hall Mar.16th); instead, treat it as an analytical novel which discusses the relationship among love, sex and human existence. The biggest reason that Murakami sets the main characters at young ages, such as sets Kizuki at his seventeen (and forever remains seventeen), Naoko at her twenty (and forever remains twenty), and Toru together with Midori at their twenties, is because that for post-pubertal young people, their bodies are mature enough to explore sexual world, but their minds are still not fully corrupted by the harshness outside school life, so that they have the ability to learn how to love by their bodies, yet appreciate love by their pure hearts. Naoko and Midori are two intriguing female characters in Norwegian Wood. Both characters are somehow abnormal, such as Naokos psychological anxiety towards sex, and Midoris unusual behaviour of standing naked in front of her fathers portrait. These behaviours are certainly not seen as standard code of conduct. In order to understand Naoko and Midoris abnormalities, it is important to analyze these two girls contrary views towards sex, life and human existence. In traditional romantic literature, the common plot is that the hero and heroine together overcome many obstacles, and live happily ever after. Since after so many difficulties they have been through, the ending usually ends with them having a blessed life to death for sure, and it is assumed that their sex life will be harmonious as well. However, it is not the case in Norwegian Wood. Naoko has difficulties to have a penetrative sex with her lover Kizuki, but she succeeds in doing it with Toru, though it is the first and the o nly time she gets sexually aroused. Moreover, the reason for Naokos suicide also needs to be noticed, although the reason is made implicit in the novel. However, it is certain that Naoko does not die for love. During the twenty years of Naokos life, she encounters two deaths of her loved ones. The first one is her sisters death. Naokos sister commits suicide at the age of seventeen, and Naoko as an eleven years old child witnesses her sisters dead body. Then six years later, Naokos beloved Kizuki ends his life in the same way, by committing suicide. These two deaths strike Naoko drastically, but not fatally. She manages to get into the college, although avoiding talking about the past when she meets Toru a year after Kizukis death, it is too assertive to conclude Naokos suicide as to either follow her true love, or merely disappointed with the world. There are not many evidences of which event triggers Naoko to commit suicide, but it is for sure that her only climax gives her both t he hope to carry on life, yet in the same time destructs this hope to live. The biggest fear of Naoko is her inability to perform sex with her lover as normal people do. Naoko constantly talks about that night on her twentieth birthday, and keeps question her inability to sex. This once in life sexual experience to Naoko is not only a natural physiological behaviour, but also contains the meaning of life, and this meaning is not merely limited to physiological needs, but being elevated to the meaning of continuing life. The first time Toru visits Naoko at the sanatorium, she speaks of her version of viewing the sexual intercourse with Toru: I [Naoko] was wet from the minute you [Toru] walked into my apartment the night of my twentieth birthday. I wanted you to hold me. I wanted you to take my clothes off and touch me all over and to get inside me. I had never felt like that before. Why is that? Why do things happen that way? I mean, I really loved him [Kizuki]. (112) It makes Naoko so confused that why she and Kizuki never succeed in having a penetrative sex, but why she can have one with Toru; if she loves Kizuki, why her body does not let him in; or is that if she loves Toru, why is she unable to let Toru in for a second time? Naoko keeps pondering over these questions, and the second time Toru visits her, she was less talkative than she had been in the fall (237). When Toru tries to have sex with her again, he discovers that Naoko is still unable to get aroused, and she once again questions her inability to have sex: Why dont I get wet? Naoko murmured. That one time was the only time it ever happened. The day of my twentieth birthday, that April. The night you [Toru] held me in your arms. What is wrong with me? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ What if I never get better? What if I can never have sex for the rest of my life? Can you keep loving me just the same? (239) By shaping a character like Naoko, Murakami raises a hypothesis that what if sexual impulse does not occur coincidentally with love, does it prove that there is a third choice of performing sexless affection or affectionless sex? Whether or not this hypothesis works, Murakami offers a possibility that there could be a third kind of human existence in life, other than having impulsive sex, romantic sex, or no sex life at all. Midori is in the contrary of Naoko. She is described both by herself and by Toru as a real, live girl with blood in her veins (267), and she always seems to be happy and relaxed; however, she is not born to be this optimistic, but rather she chooses to be this way. Similar to Naoko, Midori has a tragic life of losing her loved ones: her grandfather, grandmother, mother and father. Midoris mother dies of cancer, and before her death, she lives in the hospital for almost two years while Midori takes care of her everyday therefore has to delay school. Midoris father loves his wife so deeply, that he says to Midori and her sister, I [Midoris father] would much rather have lost the two of you [Midori and her sister] than her [Midoris mother] (71). Then two years later, her father dies of the same cancer as her mother. Unlike Naoko, Midori is not defeated by so many deaths, instead, she manages to live her life bravely. Every time Midori appears in the story, her activities are not limited to talking: she and Toru often eat together, drink together, she cooks, smokes, and does all kinds of things; whereas for Naoko and Toru, what they mostly do is writing letters and walking. These vigorous activities save Toru from drowning himself with Naokos pain, and Midoris strong vitality symblizes the only oasis in this novel of boundless depressed desert. Midoris vitality puts her in a somewhat awkward position in society, considering the novels setting is in the 1960s Japan; she does not cry at her fathers funeral, she unreservedly discusses sexual fantasies with Toru: asking him to think of her while masturbating, she invites Toru to watch pornography at an adult theatre, and she is never shy of telling Toru her true feelings, of how much she desires him. Midoris independent, modernized characteristics and her value of existence of careless to the normalcy contradicts to Naokos belief of perfect union of sex and love. To conclude these two girls, Naoko stands for the possib ility of a third way of existence between sex and love, and Midori exhibits the possibility of a third existence of living without confinements. Naoko and Midori are like the two opposites of a scale, and Toru is the one to decide which side weighs more. In the first chapter, Toru already makes it clear that what happens in the book are all memories: I [Toru] was thirty-seven then, strapped in my seat as the huge 747 plunged through dense cloud cover on approach to the Hamburg airport (3), and this chapter ends with the monologue of Naoko never loved me (10). By reading this monologue, it is obvious that even twenty years pass by, Toru is still stuck in the memory of Naokos suicide. Toru tries to save Naoko, by having sex with her, by loving her, but both the efforts of love and sex can not solve Naokos psychological problems, and Toru never gets to understand the world of Naokos. On the other hand, Toru is drawn to Midoris vitality, and Midori always saves him, even at the end of the novel, Toru still seeks help from Midori: again and again, I [Toru] called out for Midori from the dead center of this place that was no place (293). There are four stages of Torus sexual development: to desire sex, to understand sex, to control sex, and to enjoy sex. The first stage of desiring sex, is reflected by the first half of the novel, when Toru starts to have sexual relationships with his first girlfriend in high school, with Naoko, and with other strange girls. Toru starts this relationship without envisaging it because of Kizukis death, since he was unable to find a place for myself [Toru] in the world around me (24), and immediately after graduation, he is devoted to leave Kobe without considering this girls feeling. The desiring of sex happens after Toru having sex with Naoko. As Toru recalls in his letter to Naoko, he honestly writes that the warmth and closeness I [Toru] felt for you [Naoko] at the moment was something I had never experienced before (41). To Toru, this is an extraordinary experience, because the other girls he has sex with are not the ones he has feelings with. Previously, when Toru has sex with st range girls, he always feels empty the next morning after; however, after his sexual intercourse with Naoko, he gets to taste the glamour of reaching climax both physically and mentally, he thereby feels hunger for women bodies: My [Toru] body was hungering for women. All the time I was sleeping with those girls, I though about Naoko, about the white shape of her naked body in the darkness, her sighs, the sound of the rain. The more I thought about these things, the hungrier my body grew (43). The first time when Toru goes to visit Naoko at the sanatorium, Naoko shows him her naked body at night, and it triggers Toru to recall their first night: A sense of imperfection had been what Naokos body had give me [Toru] that night as I tenderly undressed her [Naoko] while she cried à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I [Toru] am having intercourse with you [Naoko] now. I am inside you. But really this is nothing. It doesnt matter. It is nothing but the joining of two bodies. All we are doing is telling each other things that can only be told by the rubbing together of two imperfect lumps of flesh. By doing this, we are sharing our imperfection. (131) This whole passage of imperfection that Toru speaks forms a contrast to Naokos perfection theory, Naoko insists that if she is going to see Toru again, she wants her body to be clean of all this when I [Naoko] meet him [Toru] (246), and this hints Torus incomprehension of Naokos world. The second stage of Torus sexual development is to understand sex. Since Toru experiences several sexual activities with strange girls, he tastes the loneliness and emptiness that come after climax; at the same time, he knows that Naoko is getting further away from him after them having sex. Toru gets hurt by sex, and therefore, he chooses to not to have sex with Midori, because he realizes that youre [Midori] the best friend Ive [Toru] got now à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I dont want to lose you (250). The third stage of Torus sexual development is to control sex. Toru passes the first two stages, he becomes more familiar with sex, just like tobacco, and he does not want to be controlled by it. As he says to Midori, I [Toru] dont like having something [smoke] control me that way (70), and same for sex, he does not wish to let sexual impulses to overtake his love towards both Naoko and Midori; instead, he wants to remember that momentary experience he has with Naoko, and his commitment to Midori, so he does not let him have sex with other girls.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   The second time Toru and Midori lie down in the same bed, he still suppresses his thought of having sex with Midori, because he finds out that he falls in love with Midori: I [Toru] loved Midori, and I was happy that she had come back to me. The two of us could make it [having sex], that was certain à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ It had been all I could do to suppress the intense desire I had to strip her [Midori] naked, throw open her body, and sink myself in her warmth à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I loved Midori. And I had probably known as much for a while. I had just been avoiding the conclusion for a very long time. (267) The fourth stage of Torus sexual development is to enjoy sex. In the last chapter of Norwegian Wood, Toru has sex with Reiko. This time, their sex is relaxed, enjoyable, and meaningful. As Murakamis hypothesis of sex could be based on love, and it could also be independent without love, the sex between Toru and Reiko is the best proof to make this hypothesis established. To conclude Torus character as a whole, he represents Murakamis perception that sex is the basic element that exists in life, and it can be independent without love. Only with this view implanted to Torus character, he can love Naoko and Midori without the disturbance of sexual desire, and gives both Reiko and himself a new start with sex. The traditional treatment of sex in literature is to either blur or eliminate its description, in order to weaken its influence on love; whereas in Murakami Harukis Norwegian Wood, his descriptions of sex is simple but explicit, which declares his perception to sex as modernized and positive. Norwegian Wood starts with an end, and ends with a start, this paradoxical beginning and ending fits the life death opposite theory proposed in the book perfectly. By offering these paradoxes, Murakami offers a third choice of human existence, that his ideal lifestyle is never a two-point and one-line dynamic; instead, by examining and combining the extreme commonness and abnormality, a third choice of living is formed. No matter what this third existence is, it is a lifestyle that is unique, as Reiko says What makes us most normal, is knowing that were not normal (148). Word count: 2599 Works Cited Hall, Nick. ASIA 364 Modern Japanese Literature 1868 the Present. University of British Columbia. 16 March 2017. Class notes. Murakami, Haruki. Norwegian Wood. Trans. Jay Rubin. New York: Vintage International, 2000. Print.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Australia: A Happy Place! Essay example -- Australia Essays

Australia conjures up thoughts in one’s head of a country, and a continent, where kangaroos and koalas roam freely, and where people are generally laid-back. This assumption of happiness of the Australian people is even supported by the World Database of Happiness Rank Report 2014, which ranks Australia’s happiness at a 7.3 out of 10, an extremely high number. One can only wonder, then, what does make Australia one of the happiest countries on Earth? Many factors can go into deciding what exactly makes the citizens of a country the happiest. In Australia’s case, however, location, size, and other various points help to create a country that is almost perfectly content. Australia is located in the Southern Hemisphere in the Pacific Ocean. Although Australia is near Indonesia and New Zealand, this continent is basically stranded in the middle of the ocean, with no other continents close. This large amount of space in between Australia and the other countries can lead one to believe that the location has a large amount to do with Australia’s happiness rating. Countries that are extremely close together, such as Zimbabwe, Ukraine, and Jordan, have a much lower happiness rating, according to the World Database of Happiness. Australia is not landlocked, which always has a great deal to do with the citizens’ happiness, seeing as though the majority of the population lives on the eastern and southeastern coast of Australia (â€Å"Australia,† n.d.). Weather is another factor that can greatly affect the moods of people all around the world. Australia’s weather varies greatly around the country, from tropical to Mediterranean an d even desert-like climates (â€Å"Australia-Geography and Climate,† n.d.). In the southeastern part, though, ... .... Retrieved October 9, 2011, from http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States List of United States cities by population. (n.d.). Retrieved October 9, 2011, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population Peen J., Schoevers R.A., Beekman A.T., Dekker J. (2009, July 13). The current status of urban-rural differences in psychiatric disorders. Retrieved from National Center for Biotechnology Information website: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19624573 Still healthy, wealthy and wise – but dropping in productivity. (2011). Retrieved from the Australian Bureau of Statistics website: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mediareleasesbyCatalogue/5BD0CF73B112325CCA25792000141D51?Opendocument Tiffen, R., & Gittins, R. (2009). How Australia compares (2nd edition). Cambridge, GBR: Cambridge University Press.